槲皮素通过抑制氧化应激改善3×Tg-AD小鼠的认知功能障碍＊

目的 探讨槲皮素（Quercetin，QT）对含有3个突变等位基因（PS1、APP、Tau）的纯合子小鼠（3×Tg-AD）的认知功能改善作用及其机制。方法 通过基因鉴定确定小鼠的基因型，将9月龄的3×Tg-AD小鼠和其同窝野生对照小鼠随机分为4组：野生型组（wildtype，WT）、野生型 + QT组（WT + QT）、模型组（3×Tg-AD）和模型小鼠 + QT组（3×Tg-AD + QT），每组8只。WT + QT组和3×Tg-AD + QT组的小鼠灌胃给予QT 15 mg/kg/天，WT组和3×Tg-AD组的小鼠灌胃给予等体积溶剂，共治疗8周。第7周进行水迷宫实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力。采用ELISA法检测小鼠脑组织中的肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α）、白介素-1β（interleukin-1β）和小鼠血清中谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase，GSH-Px）的含量；试剂盒检测小鼠血清中丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）和总超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）的含量以及脑组织中一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）的含量；Western blot检测脑组织中核转录因子E2相关因子2和Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1的表达水平。结果 3×Tg-AD组小鼠存在明显的认知功能障碍；而3×Tg-AD + QT组小鼠的学习记忆能力明显提高（P < 0.05）。另外，3×Tg-AD组血清中MDA水平较WT组升高，SOD与GSH-Px水平较WT组下降；3×Tg-AD + QT组小鼠血清中MDA水平下降，SOD和GSH-Px水平则升高。3×Tg-AD组小鼠脑组织中的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显升高；3×Tg-AD + QT组小鼠脑组织中的炎症因子水平均明显降低（P < 0.05）。3×Tg-AD组小鼠脑组织中的Nrf2表达降低，Keap1表达升高；3×Tg-AD + QT组中，Nrf2表达上调，Keap1表达下调（P < 0.05）。结论 QT可能通过抑制炎症因子和MDA，Keap1的水平，上调SOD，GSH-Px，Nrf2的表达，发挥改善3×Tg-AD小鼠学习记忆能力的作用。     

Time-varying association of second primary malignancy and long-term survival outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer

A high risk of developing second primary malignancy (SPM) has been reported among head and neck cancer patients. Here, we aimed to statistically quantify the impact of SPM development on the survival of head and neck cancer patients. Our study was conducted using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database to collect the data of 48 316 patients who received curative surgical resection for initial primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (IP-HNSCC) in 1975 to 2019. SPM diagnosis was treated as a time-varying covariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis was conducted to estimate the association between SPM development and survival, overall or by the subsite of IP-HNSCC. Of the included patients, 11 238 patients (23.3%) developed SPM during the follow-up period. A significant reduction in survival was observed among patients with SPM (hazard ratio [HR] for overall survival, 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.20-3.41). The impact of SPM development on reduced survival was more significant in patients with localized IP-HNSCC vs regional IP-HNSCC (HR_OS, 3.41; 95% CI: 3.24-3.6 vs HR_OS, 3.18; 95% CI: 3.05-3.31; P for interaction <.001). The survival impact of SPM development was more evident in younger patients than in older patients. SPM in lung and bronchus was associated with the most pronounced reduction in survival, overall and across all subsites of HNSCC. Our results indicated that SPM development led to a significant reduction in survival. A greater survival benefit may be achieved through intensive surveillance for SPM in lung and bronchus targeting younger patients and those with localized HNSCC.     

Metabolic alterations in the visual pathway of retinitis pigmentosa rats: A longitudinal multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study with histopathological validation

Because retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been shown to cause degenerative changes in the entire visual pathway, there is an urgent need to perform longitudinal assessments of RP-induced degeneration and identify imaging protocols to detect this degeneration as early as possible. In this study, we assessed a transgenic rat model of RP by using complementary noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging techniques, namely, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS), to investigate the metabolic changes in RP. Our study demonstrated decreased concentrations and ratios to creatine (Cr) of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and taurine (Tau), whereas myo-inositol (Ins) and choline (Cho) were increased in the visual cortex of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats compared with control rats (p < 0.05). Furthermore, with the progression of RP, the concentrations of NAA, Glu, GABA, and Tau, and the ratios of GABA/Cr and Tau/Cr significantly decreased over time, whereas the concentrations of Ins and Cho and the ratio of Ins/Cr significantly increased over time (p < 0.05). In addition, in RCS rats, NAA/Cr decreased significantly from 3 to 4 months postnatal (p < 0.001), and Cho/Cr increased significantly from 4 to 5 months postnatal (p = 0.005). Meanwhile, the ¹H-MRS indicators in 5-month postnatal RCS rats could be confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. In conclusion, with the progression of RP, the metabolic alterations in the visual cortex indicated progressive reprogramming with the decrease of neurons and axons, accompanied by the proliferation of gliocytes.     

猪尾巴导管在单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤手术中应用的有效性评估:基于倾向性评分匹配法的研究

目的评估猪尾巴导管在单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤手术中应用的有效性。方法回顾性分析2020年1月至12月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院东院接受单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤手术的患者共441例,根据是否放置猪尾巴导管分为胸管组和猪尾巴管组,通过倾向性评分匹配法进行1∶1匹配,对比两组患者围手术期的各项指标。结果匹配后每组143例配对成功,匹配后两组间基线特征无统计学差异。对比两组围手术期指标发现,猪尾巴管组患者术后3天胸腔引流总量显著多于胸管组(375.49 ml对285.03 ml,P<0.001),术后两周复查CT示胸腔积液量显著少于胸管组(131.77 ml对178.84 ml,P=0.032),两组术后疼痛评分、引流天数及住院天数无明显统计学差异。结论加放猪尾巴导管可有效改善单孔胸腔镜肺肿瘤术后胸腔引流情况,且不增加患者术后疼痛,不延长胸腔引流及住院天数。